The Longest Popeye in the Fleischer Era-Aladdin and his wonderful lamp (54 years before Disney took a stab at the immortal tale)

After many setbacks that hindered me from making a Popeye post which include GPU 12VHPWR cables, anti-sag support holders, finding a perfectly good print off of Archive.org, missing photos, and my MSI Laptop breaking on me, I present to you the LAST good Color Popeye Cartoon.

I say last because I don't have respect for the Famous Studios era of Popeye. I prefer the Fleischer era but anyhow, here it is:

Believe it or not, I had a Popeye DVD during the 5th grade that started with this cartoon but it was a cheapo print that cut off the Paramount Logo and may have been sourced off a VHS.

Not this time. I have this wonderful print with Paramount Logo Intact and no AI upscaling involved...

Anyway, this 1939 Three-Strip Technicolor film starts off with... a Movie Studio.

Adeptly called:

Totally not a parody of Paramount Pictures, The company that helped produce the Fleischer Popeyes and to a later extent, the Famous Pictures Popeyes as well as the 1980 film.

Anyway back to 1939, 

As usual, Olive Oyl's on her typewriter in the most cartoony way possible.

I always liked how Fleischer Studios animated Olive's lanky arms when she types on that typewriter and preventing that feed roller from falling onto the floor.

Sure, this cartoon was made during the time Fleischer decided to imitate Disney in the wake of Snow White's Success but at least they never forget how to animate a really funny way to operate a typewriter.

As usual, Olive is at her damnest to finish her screenplay which is a loose adaptation of Aladdin.... the original "1001 Arabian Nights" story that is.

You have to understand that this cartoon was released a good 54 years before Disney produced their own take on the tale in 1992 so don't ask further questions.

So What's Olive thinking about?

Who to cast the parts of the characters to.

Obviously, Olive's going to be the princess. Back then, there was no Princess Jasmine so my guess is that Olive casts herself as Princess Badroulbadour.

But who to cast the role of Aladdin?

"Why Popeye the Sailor is perfect for the part!"

And there she goes, back to work typing her screenplay...

And preventing her Feed Roller from Falling on the floor again. I love classic cartoons.

And then it segues into the actual plot as told by Olive's script

Aladdin is hard at work making chains.

"Them finks at Fleischer may have borrowed from Disney after Snow White but at leasts I still haves me Great Depression era Strength. A true man should have raw strength and boiling outlines for muscles."

What's the noise?

"Make way for the Princess!"

Olive Oyl at her regal finest.

As usual, Popeye falls in love at first sight. Good thing he beat the over loving stuffing out of Ham Gravy back in the early 30's just to live this long to get the part.

Who's this? Some goon hired by Bluto? No.... it's just the vizier. 

What's different about this Color Popeye from the Fleischer era is that Bluto is not cast as anybody. I guess by this point because Fleischer wanted to imitate Disney so fiercely that Bluto was considered to intimidating and too manly for Disney lovers, even when portrayed by Pinto Colvig.

So they created this schmuck 

"BAH!!! Disney, Fleischer, or Warner Bros., I still got a nasty ol mug that nobody and I mean nobody can top!!!!"

"Except for Frieza but that's not for another 50 years."

Any how, after a Silent Film shoutout story card,

At last, you found it!

Gimme!!!

What are you looking at me for you dolt!!!

And other things. Did I forget to mention this is the longest Popeye short to date?

Hello Popeye! I'm the Genie!!!

"You ain't no Genie! You don't even look like Robin Williams!!!"

"My My Popeye! You're an idiot. Robin Williams wasn't even born until 1951"

"Also, unlike the Robin Williams Genie, I can grant an infinite number of wishes. However, I still drawn the line at using my wishes for malicious intent."

Amongst other things where I'll end this post with these last few screenshots...

well... sort of. Just a little Spoiler Alert:

And no, Olive Oyl getting laid off by Surprise Pictures did not predict the awful Layoff trend that so many jobs were obsessed with in 2023. The cartoon was made in 1939, at the tail-end of the Great Depression and before WWII happened so no predictions conspiracies please.

At least I used a proper .MP4 file of Popeye Aladdin here. I found another on it's Wikipedia page but that version was edited to use the Famous Studios Popeye Theme and was a victim to a minor case of acetate celluloid vinegar syndrome so I didn't use that version anyway.

Anyway, this is the last color Popeye post I'll ever do because let's face it, The Famous Studios era sucks and Fleischer's Popeye shorts are superior to anything else Paramount did to the Popeye IP with the exception of the 1980 Robin Williams film which I've been meaning to watch but haven't had a chance yet. I actually can get Paramount+ in Canada but I haven't signed up for it yet.

As a matter of fact, I don't think it's on Paramount+.

And no, despite Disney's name being in the opening credits of the 1980 film, 

POPEYE IS STILL PARAMOUNT PROPTERTY!

Anyway, see you next blogpost... whatever subject tickles my fancy.

Kellogg's strikes again

Remember my post in August about how Kellogg's started to make these cereals that they say are advertised with the Classic Designs of their mascots?

NO? Well here's the link to that blogpost:

https://maverickmartinezarchive.blogspot.com/2023/08/cereals-they-dont-make-them-like-they.html

Anyway, I was shopping for some Ancient Grain Bread from Dempster at my local London Drugs when all of a sudden, I saw this:

My God!!! Kellogg's really wants to cater to those Boomers and Gen Xers, and Millennials who love old box art and are getting sick of that Air-Brushed, CalArts, or clusterf**k graphics crap that's permeating today's cereal boxes so that's why they're releasing these boxes into stores.

Doesn't really matter to me if I get these cereals or not. I don't eat cereal that much anymore due to things like eating late such as in 10AM or so. Another reason is that I would rather have Eggs, Rice, Quesadillas, or whatever I can cook for breakfast because I demand at least a sliver of my own nutrients in my stomach... otherwise... I'd skip breakfast altogether.

In fact, the only cereals I'll occasionally eat every now and then are Cheerios, Corn Pops, or Choco Krispies.

 But even then, I tend to eat them at night.

Talk about a sugary day reversal.

However, I have said in my August Cereal post that these retro box arts aren't as accurate as the original boxes are. In fact, I have a hunch that whoever was in Kellogg's Graphics Department had to painstakingly copy these box arts by hand on a Wacom Cintiq.

How can I tell that these are painstakingly copied? Things like graphic placements as well as the inclusion of that RETRO EDITION banner on the box. 

As well as having access to a smartphone where I can just Google the images of old Box Arts and man, the results didn't disappoint.

So here's what I found.

That Box of Frosted Flakes is actually highly accurate to this box of Frosted Flakes shown below which is from the 1960s.

But by this point, Kellogg's wasn't limited only to this box. They had a ton of boxes to go with during that time, even into the 1970s.

Truly a magical presence by Tony the Tiger as originally drawn by Martin Provenson. 

So why did Kellogg's ditch this design for these shown below?

"Hey that's me during the 1980s holding a good old 1960's cereal box. I sure was Great in the 60s."

My guess is Kellogg's was pressured by parents that kids need a proper role model for being active and as cute as the original Provensen design was, that particular Tony wasn't the exercise appropriate so Kellogg's took notice and forced a redesign which made Tony more humane...

Did you know Tony the Tiger's animations on those live-action commercials are actually rotoscoped?  

Now as for Toucan Sam, well.... it's clearly referencing his 1970s design since that was when they settled in on his final design.

This is what Toucan Sam looked like back in 1963, the year he debuted:

Have you noticed that the Retro box from London Drugs has the artwork flipped?

Whatever, Toucan Sam almost got the axe in 2020 when some bastard in the graphics department decided to change Sam's design to be more like those awful CalArts style designs mandated by today's showrunners. 

I don't have a reference image to show you but the 2020 redesign was so bad that people demanded that they change Sam's design back to what it was.

Speaking about that, 

I remember back in 2016 and the first half of 2017, General Mills got into a lot of trouble with Cereal Consumers when they changed Lucky the Leprechaun's design to that awful CalArts style the marketing department was so obsessed with.

LGR didn't mind the change back in 2017....

Ok. I take it back. He agrees that Lucky the Leprechaun's 2016 redesign was awful.

Good thing General Mills went back to the classic...... 90s design.

These photos are of him eating the 2016 Lucky Charms out of spite.

Considering General Mills also got backlash back in 2016 for doing the same thing to Lucky the Leprechaun, Kellogg's decided to do what General Mills did by reverting Toucan Sam back to his original design in 2021 and suddenly, people were ok with it.

And don't say Toucan Sam's 2021 Redesign was a CGI Render. It looks like it was rendered with CGI Software but that box art is still the same Classic Air-Brushed Toucan Sam we know and love.

However, these were the only cereal boxes I could find at my London Drugs and I can hazard a guess these are limited time offerings so don't push your luck with having these as everyday shopping shelve fixtures. 

Also, I noticed something on these boxes:

Are those Free toys in Boxes?

And John K. used to bitch on his blog about how modern cereal boxes were doing away with actual toys and cardboard box factories, instead going for sweepstakes, movie ticket vouchers, etc.

However, I'm a bit too old for these Frisbees, unless I have a dog to play with. And I can hazard a guess those Frisbees are going to be made with cheap plastic. 

I'd rather go for Box Top sweepstake where you can at least earn a chance to win a free Phanteks ITX gaming computer from XIDAX Elite Rigs or Hyper-X.

Speaking about cereal box tops, I read someone's YouTube Comment for LGR's video on the Gateway Astro All-In-One Computer on how back in the year 2000, he/she had to earn his/her Gateway Astro computer by sending in a shitload of LAYS Potato Chips codes just to get a free Intel Celeron computer.

The result was leftover stale potato chips but it was worth the hassle to get a free computer. Why didn't I have something like that back then?

My guess was that the sweepstake was only in the US and I live in Canada.

Oh well, I was a toddler back in the year 2000 and my parents domineered my eating habits. Plus I was perfectly happy with my Compaq Presario and later my Vobis Highscreen back in the year 2000 since those were actual ATX and Micro-ATX towers where you could upgrade the components, plus having a lot of leftover chip bags would have annoyed my parents anyway.

Since posting this Blogpost, I've heard KELLOGG'S changed their corporate name to KELLANOVA but thank god that name will only be for the international division of the company. The name change is not for the North American branch of the company.

I live in Canada by the way but the U.S and Mexico will also still keep the KELLOGG'S name for the cereals too.

Update as of August 27 2025:

The Xidax Phanteks ITX PC I was talking about during the Sweepstakes paragraph was referring to LGR's XIDAX X-4 Phanteks PC he got on his 32nd Birthday in 2018 which unfortunately got destroyed during Hurricane Helene in September 2024.

He's since replace that PC with his AMD RYZEN 7 9800X3D Build since March 2025.

My Laptop Broke

I really don’t know what to say about this but my MSI GP62M 7RDX Leopard Laptop broke…

Well just the outer shell. I’m sure the motherboard is just fine but man did that thing take a beating and almost 3 and half years since I had that thing. 

I bought that thing back in April 2020 during the start of the Covid-19 pandemic because I was in college at the time but we needed to stay home due to the strain of the virus and at the time, I had a hand-me-down MacBook Pro that was too outdated for the software I was required to use for my online classes so I needed a laptop at the time.

Specs weren't much to talk about because it's a laptop and laptops are meant to have handicapped specs compared to their desktop counterparts in order to make it portable and to conserve battery but I'll say the MSI laptop is much better than my earlier HP Pavilion which was an absolute shit laptop to begin with.

Oh well, I guess the only computers I have now are my custom built Maverick PC and my HP Z440 work computer for my blogposts….. until I get a new laptop.

My new laptop should have an AMD Ryzen CPU. It doesn’t matter if it uses Nvidia RTX, AMD Radeon, or Intel Arc for Graphics. 

And I promised myself I wouldn’t use my phone to make blogposts but with my Laptop breaking on me, I have no choice. Hopefully, things will turn around in the near future.

Update as of August 8 2025:

No longer work at the Gift Shop where I used that HP Z440 Workstation as I've since changed jobs. Also on July 14 2025, I bought a DELL INSPIRON 14 2-in-1 Ryzen 7 Laptop.

Maverick Quickie-GTA VI's Trailer just got released ahead of it's intended schedule.... sort of.

What do I get for hyping for GTA VI's trailer being released as scheduled only for it to come out sooner than expected just because Rockstar wanted to beat the leakers to the reveal.

Well to be honest, the emails that I've been getting from Rockstar stated the trailer was going to be on YouTube 9AM EST which is the East Coast for the Western Hemisphere but considering the GTA games are developed in Europe, who can argue about schedules.

Oh well, I've got until Spring 2025 when this games is scheduled to be released.

Of course I'll get it on PC. I'm done with buying games for Current Gen Consoles unless it's for the Nintendo Switch but even then, GTA VI is not coming to the Switch, nor it's Successor SWITCH 2.

"PC MASTER RACE" all the way due to how versatile an x64 based computer can be for animation or video games.

And that concludes my Maverick Quickie.

And yes, PC MASTER RACE, with apologies to Benjamin "Yahtzee" Crowshaw.

Update as of May 8 2025:

A second trailer has been released for GTA 6 and it looks stunning. 

But the most interesting thing about this is the fact that it was rendered on a Standard PS5 Console, not the Pro Model that people thought the game was optimized for.

However, the game has been delayed to May 26 2026 probably to minimize developer crunch but I think the reason ROCKSTAR delayed the game is because of the 91st Anniversary of Bonnie & Clyde's funerals as well as to honor the death date of RAY LIOTTA, Voice Actor of Tommy Vercetti.

Ray Tracing-The Journey of a University alumni's findings turned essential tool for rendering movies and video games

2024 means one thing, It will be the 45th Anniversary since J. Turner Whitted gave us the immortal THE COMPLEAT ANGLER raytracing demo in 1979.

Why am I talking about Raytracing when most of my blogposts are about 2D Animation, Anime, Live-Action films, comics, etc?

It's because back in November, I've upgraded from my RTX 3060 to an RTX 4080 GPU, both which were GPUs from Nvidia that specialize in Ray-Tracing, and because as of this writing, GTA VI's trailer will be broadcast tomorrow on the internet... or was suppose to but Rockstar decided to air the trailer early in order to counter those leakers.

So instead of posting about the likes of DOUG, Popeye, Owl House, Evangelion, or the likes of these shows, I figure just to ease the tensions on GTA VI, I talk about ray tracing and how it evolved, the fights to get it to work properly in films and later video games. 

The concept of Ray Tracing involves a lot of complex math formulas that I for the life of me I can't even comprehend.

Still, you have to appreciate all the math that makes up the complexities of computer graphics.

Anyhow, the fight to get raytracing to do what you want to maintain realism has been challenged for quite a while. 

Although the 1980s and 1990s did bring us Raytraced CGI, at first they weren't even used in feature films like Toy Story or Shrek,

That's because the earliest CGI wasn't done on x86 PCs but rather Motorola 68000, MIPS or RISC systems which were far too expensive for the common user of computers to even afford at the time. And even if the hardware could handle it, it take way too long to render the hyper-realistic images needed for an 80 minute film so a lot of the raytracing was limited to Demos and short films such as this Commodore Amiga Juggler Demo seen below.

In fact, even if you think there was Raytracing in your favorite theatrical CGI films, the raytracing was faked using multiple lights to achieve that realistic look. It wasn't until later movies like Cars, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Monster House, Despicable Me, just to name a few have started to use actual Ray Tracing in their films. Just compare a screenshot from the Original Toy Story from 1995 to another shot from 2019's Toy Story 4 and you can see how far we've advanced in rendering technology. 

I'm pretty sure people who are interested in Ray Tracing don't care much for how it's used for movies and would rather want to talk about Real-Time Raytracing instead since we reached that threshold back in 2018 with Nvidia's RTX 20 series GPUs and people would rather want to talk about the tech being used in your favorite M-Rated video games instead of tech used for a type of animation that's not allowed to be adult-oriented... save for Sausage Party and Lupin III: The First.

Up to this point, Real-Time Raytracing was infeasible due to the hardware we were stuck with.

Video games, especially on PC demanded speed and performance and to get that type of feature film quality renders in Realtime on videogames would slow down your PC to a crawl and even then, it was limited only to cutscenes or fighter reveal trailers.

And even when hardware started to show off that it's possible to do raytracing on consumer hardware, it was still too expensive for consumers so like with 80s and 90's cg animation, real-time raytracing was limited to demos and CAD or 3D Animation software packages like Autodesk Maya or Blender.

Then in September 20, 2018, everything changed with Nvidia's release of their Turing-Architecture GeForce RTX 20 series Graphics Cards.

The GPU shown above is actually my old 12GB Zotac Twin Edge RTX 3060 GPU which is an Ampere architecture GPU

I no longer use that GPU since I've upgrade to a 16GB GIGABYTE EAGLE RTX 4080 which uses the Ada Lovelace Architecture.

Suddenly, the fever dream of Real-Time Raytracing elevated into a profound reality. You could finally have movie quality visuals on your computer.... to an extent if the game in question supports RTX out of the box unless you mod your game with an RTX Reshade.

At the moment, the only game in my Maverick Warhawk PC that was optimized for RTX is ALAN WAKE 2. Makes sense since my GIGABYTE EAGLE RTX 4080 GPU came with a free download code for it..... on EPIC's Game Store instead of STEAM but hey, Free Game. 

Now, we currently are at the cusp of hardware that can do real-time raytracing with relative ease but I can hazard a guess the advancements aren't going to stop anytime soon.

At the time of this writing, we are currently at Nvidia's GeForce RTX 40 series and AMD's Radeon RX 7000 series. I didn't add Intel Arc because at the current time, it's niche and I can barely find any architecture differences since they launched back in 2022.

Anyway, I'll be sure to wait and see what the GTA 6 Trailer brings out and what the minimum requirements for a GPU will be for the PC Version though I can honestly say my GIGABYTE EAGLE RTX 4080 will handle that game like a champ so I don't need to worry. What I do know is that it will support Ray Tracing from the get go and do it far better job than GTA V did on PS5 and Xbox.

Probably because the game will be optimized for it.

Update as of May 26 2024:

I've seen the trailer but GTA 6 won't be out until Late 2025. And it will launch for PS5 and Xbox Series X first so I'll have to wait until 2026 for the PC version.

Also, while I still have my GIGABYTE EAGLE RTX 4080 GPU, I no longer use the Maverick Warhawk . I swapped out the MSI Motherboard and now I have a GIGABYTE AORUS Motherboard.

My PC is now MAVERICK FALCON 7900RT.

A Bagdasarian Christmas Legacy-The Origins of the Chipmunks and a family legality dispute

I'm making this post because Christmas is a coming and 2023 is the 65th anniversary of the Chipmunks.

Man, up until Christmas 2023, it's been a while since I heard 

The Chipmunk's Christmas song "CHRISTMAS DON'T BE LATE". 

It was recorded on Vinyl way back in 1958... odd that it was recorded on Halloween but appropriately released on December.

And the Chipmunks didn't look like the cartoon rodents or baby-faced rodents we know and love. Instead, the album art made them look a lot more like actual Chipmunks.

So why did they change from these realistic designs to the cartoony designs we now know and love? 

This was the beginning of the era of limited animation where many animation studios were moving away from theatres to television.

Of course, Alvin didn't start it's life as a cartoon at first.

As you can see from that LP Cover, the chipmunks started as a series of Novelty songs.

As a matter of fact, the Chipmunks didn't start with Christmas.... well sort of.

The Chipmunks first officially appeared in "Christmas Don't be late!" but their voices or rather the amalgamation of the technique used for their voices was first featured in an earlier album Witch Doctor.

But the Chipmunks were so successful that Ross Bagdasarian Sr. started a music franchise featuring his newly christened famous creations.

Then the Chipmunks got their own TV show: THE ALVIN SHOW.

If you've noticed, The Chipmunk's ditched their realistic designs for a more appealing Cartoony Rodent design shown above because this was the early 1960s and the age of semi-realistic characters was frowned upon by many an animation house due to budget constraints.

Also, Dave Seville looks much more simplistic compared to the semi-realistic version from the 1980s series but to be honest, I prefer this version of Dave than his 80's incarnation.

The reason I prefer 60's Dave Seville is because here, he was a no-nonsense curmudgeon who wants his adopted sons to be model American Citizens but the Chipmunk's drive him nuts.

And often at times, he's not thrilled about all the wacky stuff going on. 

But in the end, he deeply cares for his rodent children and wants the best for them.

So what happened? Why is the 1960's ALVIN SHOW not talk about that often compared to the 1980s version to which a lot of people believe was the first time they've seen the Chipmunks?

Well blame it on CBS's executives for mishandling the marketing and timeslot. Just like The Flintstones, The Alvin Show was broadcast on Primetime, meaning, it was broadcast during the night hours when most of it's intended audience which is children were already fast asleep.

A combination of competition from The Flintstones as well as Spaghetti Westerns spelled the death knelt for the series and the only reason people have even heard of the series is due to it's ratings improving in syndication during the 1970s.

On top of that, Ross Bagdasarian Sr. suffered a heart attack and died in 1972 so that left the property to his son Ross Bagdarasian Jr.

Ross Jr. was able to keep his father's creations alive and well, 

by making more albums... 

 as well as a 1981 Christmas Special featuring animation from Chuck Jones.

That being A CHIPMUNK CHRISTMAS.

Broadcast on NBC on December 14 1981.

After the Success of the Christmas Special, NBC wanted to continue on with new ALVIN material so they gave the go-ahead to create a new version for 80s Children.

(Either born in the early 80s or are hold outs from the mid to late 70s.)

But for some bizarre reason, NBC's executives mandated a design change to the Chipmunks where they took away the Chipmunk's earlier 60s Hanna-Barbera designs and redrew them with these Baby-Faced designs shown below.

"First: RUBY SPEARS, Second: Murakami Wolf-Swenson, Last: DIC Entertainment."

I never understood why Bagdasarian Productions ditched the already perfectly cartoony look for the Chipmunks from the prior years for this baby-faced look. I blame it all on NBC executives who veto all the good design ideas for what they feel should appeal to children.

While appeal to children it achieved, I felt it alienated the older fans of the 60's incarnation.

But this is the version many Gen Xers grew up with and those same Gen Xers who've opened up these Facebook or Instagram pages on 80's nostalgia fiercely believe that the Chipmunks started in the 1980s because they were barely exposed to TV reruns or VHS recordings of the 1960s version.

If I were to watch this incarnation, I'd prefer the earlier Ruby-Spears episodes over the later Murakami-Wolf and DIC episodes since the earliest episodes retain the designs from the earlier Christmas Special.

Here's some interesting meta: 

"WE'RE THE CHIPMUNKS" the opening song in the 80s version makes it pretty clear that the show is actually the second incarnation of the franchise as it contains a part in the lyrics that references it's 

1961 predecessor. 

If you hear the verse "It's been while but we're back in style now!" it clearly references the 60s version which by the time the 80's version premiered, it had been 21 years since CBS's cancelation of the 60's version so yeah, even the show has to make meta references to an earlier incarnation.

Same with how Disney's DOUG was required to make references to the earlier Nick Version by not only including re-animated flashbacks to the Nick episodes but when ever characters have their own flashbacks, they are required to wear their original Nick outfits to maintain consistency.

You know how Dave Seville, despite his simplistic design, was a caricature of Ross Sr, well the artists wanted to make the 80's version look more like a caricature of Ross Jr and this was actually reflected in the times Seville appeared on screen where he looked a lot like Ross Jr.

My criticism of the 80's designs of the Chipmunk's however are moot because the show pretty much was taken over by the Chipettes

Created by Corny Cole, these three girls practically stole the show from the Chipmunks to the point that the show was renamed to THE CHIPMUNKS in 1988 during the later Murakami Wolf era.

However, just as I prefer the 60's version of the Chipmunks, I personally prefer the original Corny Cole Designs of the Chipettes over the later Sandra Berez designs.

You many notice I'm only referencing the earlier animated versions of Alvin in this blogpost.

I don't care for the live action films and certainly don't care for the CG incarnation of the property either but I just want to point out a few things regarding the cartoons in general.

I know why the Bagdasarians won't release the complete 1960s series on DVD or Streaming. It's not because Ross Jr. wants to respect the Gen Xers who are mostly unfamiliar with the 60s version but the issue is that the rights to THE ALVIN SHOW are in a legality snarl with therest of the Bagdasarian family....

Talk about fighting over the elder Bagdasarian's property, it must give Ross Jr a headache fighting over his father's property. Hopefully the family dispute will simmer down in the future.

PS: If Ross decides to revive Alvin for 2D animation but is forced to use puppet rigs, tell him and the animation studios just to reuse the 1960s designs since they're simple enough to construct the rigs and are tried and true anyway. 

Oh, and the fact that Most Gen Xers barely even know of the 60's version is hilariously referenced in THE SIMPSONS back in 1993.

Part of the big rodent invasion of the early 60s indeed. 

Except, The Chipmunks debuted in 1958 but still close.